Gut microbiota: importance, dietary and behavioral influences

Abstract

The gut microbiota is a dynamic ecosystem, essential for immunological, metabolic, and neurological homeostasis. Scientific evidence demonstrates that alterations in its composition, characterized as dysbiosis, are associated with the development and progression of autoimmune, metabolic, inflammatory, and neurological disorders. This study aimed to review the main benefits provided by the gut microbiota, the key factors influencing its composition, and the clinical implications of its imbalance. Bibliographic searches were conducted in electronic health science databases, including PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS, using keywords related to the topic such as intestinal microbiota, dysbiosis, diet, physical exercise, and probiotics. The findings indicate that among the beneficial actions of the intestinal microbiota are the production of short-chain fatty acids, synthesis of neurotransmitters, modulation of the intestinal barrier, and regulation of the immune response. Dietary factors play a central role, as fiber, prebiotic, and polyphenol rich patterns favor beneficial species, whereas ultra-processed and saturated fat-rich diets promote dysbiosis. Furthermore, commonly prescribed drugs, such as antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, and antipsychotics, significantly impact microbial diversity and functionality. Regular moderate-intensity physical activity is associated with increased bacterial diversity and higher production of protective metabolites, although the extent of these effects varies among individuals. Dysbiosis has also been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, preserving gut health requires the integration of appropriate dietary habits, rational drug use, and regular exercise, representing a relevant strategy for disease prevention and management.