Circuncisão: da antiguidade ao século XXI – indicações, benefícios e controvérsias
Palavras-chave:
circuncisão masculina, revisão, história, indicações terapêuticas, controversasResumo
INTRODUÇÃO/OBJETIVO: A circuncisão é um procedimento cirúrgico realizado há séculos, relatado por vários povos em diferentes continentes. Com o objetivo de compreender melhor tal prática desde a antiguidade até os dias atuais, esta revisão visa analisar este procedimento cirúrgico.
METODOS: Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa sobre a circuncisão, através de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema em diversas bases de dados.
RESULTADOS: A cobertura retrátil da glande do pênis, denominada prepúcio, possui uma variedade de funções, e sua ressecção cirúrgica é denominada postectomia ou circuncisão. Embora o procedimento também seja realizado por complicações relacionadas ao prepúcio, como fimose e parafimose, em alguns países a religião é referida como motivação, especialmente naqueles de predominância muçulmana. A circuncisão, independente de ser utilizado por indicações médicas, religiosas ou culturais, é um procedimento relativamente seguro, possui uma baixa incidência de complicações, e também pode ser realizada com o intuito de prevenção do contágio e disseminação de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, principalmente do HIV, conforme demonstrado por diversas metanálises. Contudo, diversas polêmicas permeiam a postectomia. Uma das mais controversas relaciona alterações de sensibilidade peniana e função sexual como consequência do procedimento, além de toda uma discussão atual relacionando a circuncisão, quando realizado em neonatos sem indicação terapêutica, à mutilação.
CONCLUSÃO: A circuncisão, talvez um dos mais antigos procedimentos cirúrgicos da história da humanidade, ainda é um dos mais realizados no mundo atualmente, com diversas particularidades. Desta forma é fundamental seu entendimento global, para obter-se melhores resultados e minimizar suas complicações.
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Referências
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3. Fleiss PM, Hodges FM, Van Howe RS. Immunological functions of the human prepuce. Sex Transm Infect. 1998;74(5):364-7.
4. Arie S. Circumcision: Divided we fall. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2010;341:c4266.
5. Korkes F, Silva JL, 2nd, Pompeo AC. Circumcisions for medical reasons in the Brazilian public health system: epidemiology and trends. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2012;10(3):342-6.
6. World Health O, Jhpiego. Manual for early infant male circumcision under local anaesthesia. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
7. Anwer AW, Samad L, Iftikhar S, Baig-Ansari N. Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting. BioMed Research International. 2017;2017:4957348.
8. Dogan G. The Effect of Religious Beliefs on the Publication Productivity of Countries in Circumcision: A Comprehensive Bibliometric View. J Relig Health. 2020;59(2):1126-36.
9. Organization WH. Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability: Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
10. Nascimento SUCNd. Circuncisão na Torah: História, Religião e Saúde. 2013.
11. Şahin F, Beyazova U, Aktürk AJCc, health, development. Attitudes and practices regarding circumcision in Turkey. 2003;29(4):275-80.
12. Zampieri N, Pianezzola E, Zampieri CJAP. Male circumcision through the ages: the role of tradition. 2008;97(9):1305-7.
13. Lau FK, Jayakumar S, Sgaier SK. Understanding the socio-economic and sexual behavioural correlates of male circumcision across eleven voluntary medical male circumcision priority countries in southeastern Africa. BMC public health. 2015;15:813-.
14. Siegler AJ, Mbwambo JK, DiClemente RJ. Acceptability of medical male circumcision and improved instrument sanitation among a traditionally circumcising group in East Africa. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(7):1846-52.
15. Downs JA, Fuunay LD, Fuunay M, Mbago M, Mwakisole A, Peck RN, et al. 'The body we leave behind': a qualitative study of obstacles and opportunities for increasing uptake of male circumcision among Tanzanian Christians. BMJ open. 2013;3(5):e002802.
16. Rennie S, Perry B, Corneli A, Chilungo A, Umar E. Perceptions of voluntary medical male circumcision among circumcising and non-circumcising communities in Malawi. Glob Public Health. 2015;10(5-6):679-91.
17. PMC. Stokes T. Circumcision: A History of the World's most Controversial Surgery. BMJ : British Medical Journal. 2001;322(7287):680-.
18. Carpenter LMJSoh, illness. On remedicalisation: male circumcision in the United States and Great Britain. 2010;32(4):613-30.
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20. McGregor TB, Pike JG, Leonard MP. Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin. Can Fam Physician. 2007;53(3):445-8.
21. Lourenção PLTdA, Queiroz DS, de-Oliveira Junior WE, Comes GT, Marques RG, Jozala DR, et al. Observation time and spontaneous resolution of primary phimosis in children %J Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões. 2017;44:505-10.
22. Hayashi Y, Kojima Y, Mizuno K, Kohri K. Prepuce: phimosis, paraphimosis, and circumcision. ScientificWorldJournal. 2011;11:289-301.
23. Liu J, Yang J, Chen Y, Cheng S, Xia C, Deng T. Is steroids therapy effective in treating phimosis? A meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48(3):335-42.
24. Moreno G, Corbalan J, Penaloza B, Pantoja T. Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(9):CD008973.
25. Berdeu D, Sauze L, Ha-Vinh P, Blum-Boisgard C. Cost-effectiveness analysis of treatments for phimosis: a comparison of surgical and medicinal approaches and their economic effect. BJU Int. 2001;87(3):239-44.
26. Hung YC, Chang DC, Westfal ML, Marks IH, Masiakos PT, Kelleher CM. A Longitudinal Population Analysis of Cumulative Risks of Circumcision. J Surg Res. 2019;233:111-7.
27. Talini C, Antunes LA, Carvalho BCNd, Schultz KL, Del Valle MHCP, Aranha Junior AA, et al. Circumcision: postoperative complications that required reoperation. 2018;16(3).
28. Al Hussein Alawamlh O, Kim SJ, Li PS, Lee RK. Novel Devices for Adolescent and Adult Male Circumcision. Eur Urol Focus. 2018;4(3):329-32.
29. Atikeler MK, Gecit I, Yuzgec V, Yalcin O. Complications of circumcision performed within and outside the hospital. Int Urol Nephrol. 2005;37(1):97-9.
30. Circumcision WUTCM, Policy HIVPRIf, Programming, World Health O, Unaids. New data on male circumcision and HIV prevention : policy and programme implications : WHO/UNAIDS Technical Consultation Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention : Research Implications for Policy and Programming, Montreux, 6-8 March 2007 : conclusions and recommendations. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.
31. Wilcken A, Keil T, Dick B. Traditional male circumcision in eastern and southern Africa: a systematic review of prevalence and complications. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2010;88(12):907-14.
32. Peltzer K, Nqeketo A, Petros G, Kanta X. Traditional circumcision during manhood initiation rituals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: a pre-post intervention evaluation. BMC Public Health. 2008;8(1):64.
33. El Bcheraoui C, Zhang X, Cooper CS, Rose CE, Kilmarx PH, Chen RT. Rates of adverse events associated with male circumcision in U.S. medical settings, 2001 to 2010. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(7):625-34.
34. Kim JK, Koyle MA, Chua ME, Ming JM, Lee MJ, Kesavan A, et al. Assessment of risk factors for surgical complications in neonatal circumcision clinic. Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada. 2019;13(4):E108-E12.
35. Krill AJ, Palmer LS, Palmer JS. Complications of circumcision. ScientificWorldJournal. 2011;11:2458-68.
36. Heras A, Vallejo V, Pineda MI, Jacobs AJ, Cohen LJHp. Immediate complications of elective newborn circumcision. 2018;8(10):615-9.
37. Prabhakaran S, Ljuhar D, Coleman R, Nataraja RMJJoP, Health C. Circumcision in the paediatric patient: A review of indications, technique and complications. 2018;54(12):1299-307.
38. Storm DW, Baxter C, Koff SA, Alpert S. The relationship between obesity and complications after neonatal circumcision. J Urol. 2011;186(4 Suppl):1638-41.
39. Kubota Y, Ishii N, Watanabe H, Irisawa C, Nakada T, Chiba R, et al. Buried penis: a surgical repair. 1991;46(1):61-3.
40. Perger L, Hanley RS, Feins NR. Penoplasty for buried penis in infants and children: report of 100 cases. Pediatr Surg Int. 2009;25(2):175-80.
41. Davis S, Toledo C, Lewis L, Maughan-Brown B, Ayalew K, Kharsany ABM. Does voluntary medical male circumcision protect against sexually transmitted infections among men and women in real-world scale-up settings? Findings of a household survey in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. BMJ global health. 2019;4(3):e001389-e.
42. Hayashi Y, Kohri KJIJoU. Circumcision related to urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, human immunodeficiency virus infections, and penile and cervical cancer. 2013;20(8):769-75.
43. Weiss HA, Quigley MA, Hayes RJ. Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2000;14(15):2361-70.
44. Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J. Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(2):CD003362.
45. Farley TM, Samuelson J, Grabowski MK, Ameyan W, Gray RH, Baggaley R. Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context - systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2020;23(6):e25490-e.
46. Wiysonge CS, Kongnyuy EJ, Shey M, Muula AS, Navti OB, Akl EA, et al. Male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of HIV in men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(6):CD007496.
47. Zhang C, Qian H-Z, Liu Y, Vermund SH. Voluntary medical male circumcision and HIV infection among men who have sex with men: Implications from a systematic review. SAGE open medicine. 2019;7:2050312119869110-.
48. Larke N. Male circumcision, HIV and sexually transmitted infections: a review. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2010;19(10):629-34.
49. Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Munabi SK, Hayes RJ. Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82(2):101-9; discussion 10.
50. Albero G, Castellsague X, Giuliano AR, Bosch FX. Male circumcision and genital human papillomavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2012;39(2):104-13.
51. Hallett TB, Alsallaq RA, Baeten JM, Weiss H, Celum C, Gray R, et al. Will circumcision provide even more protection from HIV to women and men? New estimates of the population impact of circumcision interventions. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87(2):88-93.
52. Weiss HA, Hankins CA, Dickson K. Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(11):669-77.
53. Morris BJ, Hankins CA, Banerjee J, Lumbers ER, Mindel A, Klausner JD, et al. Does Male Circumcision Reduce Women's Risk of Sexually Transmitted Infections, Cervical Cancer, and Associated Conditions? Front Public Health. 2019;7:4.
54. Grund J, Bryant T, Jackson I, Curran K, Bock N, Toledo C, et al. Association between male circumcision and women's biomedical health outcomes: a systematic review. The Lancet Global Health. 2017;5:e1113-e22.
55. Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Sitta R, Puren A. Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med. 2005;2(11):e298.
56. Lawal TA, Olapade-Olaopa EO. Circumcision and its effects in Africa. Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6(2):149-57.
57. Douglawi A, Masterson TA. Penile cancer epidemiology and risk factors: a contemporary review. Curr Opin Urol. 2019;29(2):145-9.
58. Larke NL, Thomas SL, dos Santos Silva I, Weiss HA. Male circumcision and penile cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2011;22(8):1097-110.
59. Van Howe RS. Male circumcision and prostate cancer: A geographical analysis, meta-analysis, and cost analysis. Can Urol Assoc J. 2020;14(7):E334-E40.
60. Frisch M, Lindholm M, Gronbaek M. Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: a survey-based, cross-sectional study in Denmark. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(5):1367-81.
61. Bronselaer GA, Schober JM, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, T'Sjoen G, Vlietinck R, Hoebeke PB. Male circumcision decreases penile sensitivity as measured in a large cohort. BJU Int. 2013;111(5):820-7.
62. Bleustein CB, Eckholdt H, Arezzo JC, Melman A. Quantitative somatosensory testing of the penis: optimizing the clinical neurological examination. J Urol. 2003;169(6):2266-9.
63. Krieger JN, Mehta SD, Bailey RC, Agot K, Ndinya-Achola JO, Parker C, et al. Adult male circumcision: effects on sexual function and sexual satisfaction in Kisumu, Kenya. J Sex Med. 2008;5(11):2610-22.
64. Morris BJ, Krieger JN. Does male circumcision affect sexual function, sensitivity, or satisfaction?--a systematic review. J Sex Med. 2013;10(11):2644-57.
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2. Raveenthiran V. The evolutionary saga of circumcision from a religious perspective. J Pediatr Surg. 2018;53(7):1440-3.
3. Fleiss PM, Hodges FM, Van Howe RS. Immunological functions of the human prepuce. Sex Transm Infect. 1998;74(5):364-7.
4. Arie S. Circumcision: Divided we fall. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2010;341:c4266.
5. Korkes F, Silva JL, 2nd, Pompeo AC. Circumcisions for medical reasons in the Brazilian public health system: epidemiology and trends. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2012;10(3):342-6.
6. World Health O, Jhpiego. Manual for early infant male circumcision under local anaesthesia. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
7. Anwer AW, Samad L, Iftikhar S, Baig-Ansari N. Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting. BioMed Research International. 2017;2017:4957348.
8. Dogan G. The Effect of Religious Beliefs on the Publication Productivity of Countries in Circumcision: A Comprehensive Bibliometric View. J Relig Health. 2020;59(2):1126-36.
9. Organization WH. Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability: Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
10. Nascimento SUCNd. Circuncisão na Torah: História, Religião e Saúde. 2013.
11. Şahin F, Beyazova U, Aktürk AJCc, health, development. Attitudes and practices regarding circumcision in Turkey. 2003;29(4):275-80.
12. Zampieri N, Pianezzola E, Zampieri CJAP. Male circumcision through the ages: the role of tradition. 2008;97(9):1305-7.
13. Lau FK, Jayakumar S, Sgaier SK. Understanding the socio-economic and sexual behavioural correlates of male circumcision across eleven voluntary medical male circumcision priority countries in southeastern Africa. BMC public health. 2015;15:813-.
14. Siegler AJ, Mbwambo JK, DiClemente RJ. Acceptability of medical male circumcision and improved instrument sanitation among a traditionally circumcising group in East Africa. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(7):1846-52.
15. Downs JA, Fuunay LD, Fuunay M, Mbago M, Mwakisole A, Peck RN, et al. 'The body we leave behind': a qualitative study of obstacles and opportunities for increasing uptake of male circumcision among Tanzanian Christians. BMJ open. 2013;3(5):e002802.
16. Rennie S, Perry B, Corneli A, Chilungo A, Umar E. Perceptions of voluntary medical male circumcision among circumcising and non-circumcising communities in Malawi. Glob Public Health. 2015;10(5-6):679-91.
17. PMC. Stokes T. Circumcision: A History of the World's most Controversial Surgery. BMJ : British Medical Journal. 2001;322(7287):680-.
18. Carpenter LMJSoh, illness. On remedicalisation: male circumcision in the United States and Great Britain. 2010;32(4):613-30.
19. Robinson JD, Ortega G, Carrol JA, Townsend A, Carnegie DA, Rice D, et al. Circumcision in the United States: where are we? 2012;104(9-10):455-8.
20. McGregor TB, Pike JG, Leonard MP. Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin. Can Fam Physician. 2007;53(3):445-8.
21. Lourenção PLTdA, Queiroz DS, de-Oliveira Junior WE, Comes GT, Marques RG, Jozala DR, et al. Observation time and spontaneous resolution of primary phimosis in children %J Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões. 2017;44:505-10.
22. Hayashi Y, Kojima Y, Mizuno K, Kohri K. Prepuce: phimosis, paraphimosis, and circumcision. ScientificWorldJournal. 2011;11:289-301.
23. Liu J, Yang J, Chen Y, Cheng S, Xia C, Deng T. Is steroids therapy effective in treating phimosis? A meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48(3):335-42.
24. Moreno G, Corbalan J, Penaloza B, Pantoja T. Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(9):CD008973.
25. Berdeu D, Sauze L, Ha-Vinh P, Blum-Boisgard C. Cost-effectiveness analysis of treatments for phimosis: a comparison of surgical and medicinal approaches and their economic effect. BJU Int. 2001;87(3):239-44.
26. Hung YC, Chang DC, Westfal ML, Marks IH, Masiakos PT, Kelleher CM. A Longitudinal Population Analysis of Cumulative Risks of Circumcision. J Surg Res. 2019;233:111-7.
27. Talini C, Antunes LA, Carvalho BCNd, Schultz KL, Del Valle MHCP, Aranha Junior AA, et al. Circumcision: postoperative complications that required reoperation. 2018;16(3).
28. Al Hussein Alawamlh O, Kim SJ, Li PS, Lee RK. Novel Devices for Adolescent and Adult Male Circumcision. Eur Urol Focus. 2018;4(3):329-32.
29. Atikeler MK, Gecit I, Yuzgec V, Yalcin O. Complications of circumcision performed within and outside the hospital. Int Urol Nephrol. 2005;37(1):97-9.
30. Circumcision WUTCM, Policy HIVPRIf, Programming, World Health O, Unaids. New data on male circumcision and HIV prevention : policy and programme implications : WHO/UNAIDS Technical Consultation Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention : Research Implications for Policy and Programming, Montreux, 6-8 March 2007 : conclusions and recommendations. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.
31. Wilcken A, Keil T, Dick B. Traditional male circumcision in eastern and southern Africa: a systematic review of prevalence and complications. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2010;88(12):907-14.
32. Peltzer K, Nqeketo A, Petros G, Kanta X. Traditional circumcision during manhood initiation rituals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: a pre-post intervention evaluation. BMC Public Health. 2008;8(1):64.
33. El Bcheraoui C, Zhang X, Cooper CS, Rose CE, Kilmarx PH, Chen RT. Rates of adverse events associated with male circumcision in U.S. medical settings, 2001 to 2010. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(7):625-34.
34. Kim JK, Koyle MA, Chua ME, Ming JM, Lee MJ, Kesavan A, et al. Assessment of risk factors for surgical complications in neonatal circumcision clinic. Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada. 2019;13(4):E108-E12.
35. Krill AJ, Palmer LS, Palmer JS. Complications of circumcision. ScientificWorldJournal. 2011;11:2458-68.
36. Heras A, Vallejo V, Pineda MI, Jacobs AJ, Cohen LJHp. Immediate complications of elective newborn circumcision. 2018;8(10):615-9.
37. Prabhakaran S, Ljuhar D, Coleman R, Nataraja RMJJoP, Health C. Circumcision in the paediatric patient: A review of indications, technique and complications. 2018;54(12):1299-307.
38. Storm DW, Baxter C, Koff SA, Alpert S. The relationship between obesity and complications after neonatal circumcision. J Urol. 2011;186(4 Suppl):1638-41.
39. Kubota Y, Ishii N, Watanabe H, Irisawa C, Nakada T, Chiba R, et al. Buried penis: a surgical repair. 1991;46(1):61-3.
40. Perger L, Hanley RS, Feins NR. Penoplasty for buried penis in infants and children: report of 100 cases. Pediatr Surg Int. 2009;25(2):175-80.
41. Davis S, Toledo C, Lewis L, Maughan-Brown B, Ayalew K, Kharsany ABM. Does voluntary medical male circumcision protect against sexually transmitted infections among men and women in real-world scale-up settings? Findings of a household survey in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. BMJ global health. 2019;4(3):e001389-e.
42. Hayashi Y, Kohri KJIJoU. Circumcision related to urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, human immunodeficiency virus infections, and penile and cervical cancer. 2013;20(8):769-75.
43. Weiss HA, Quigley MA, Hayes RJ. Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2000;14(15):2361-70.
44. Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks JJ, Volmink J. Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(2):CD003362.
45. Farley TM, Samuelson J, Grabowski MK, Ameyan W, Gray RH, Baggaley R. Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context - systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2020;23(6):e25490-e.
46. Wiysonge CS, Kongnyuy EJ, Shey M, Muula AS, Navti OB, Akl EA, et al. Male circumcision for prevention of homosexual acquisition of HIV in men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(6):CD007496.
47. Zhang C, Qian H-Z, Liu Y, Vermund SH. Voluntary medical male circumcision and HIV infection among men who have sex with men: Implications from a systematic review. SAGE open medicine. 2019;7:2050312119869110-.
48. Larke N. Male circumcision, HIV and sexually transmitted infections: a review. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2010;19(10):629-34.
49. Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Munabi SK, Hayes RJ. Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82(2):101-9; discussion 10.
50. Albero G, Castellsague X, Giuliano AR, Bosch FX. Male circumcision and genital human papillomavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2012;39(2):104-13.
51. Hallett TB, Alsallaq RA, Baeten JM, Weiss H, Celum C, Gray R, et al. Will circumcision provide even more protection from HIV to women and men? New estimates of the population impact of circumcision interventions. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87(2):88-93.
52. Weiss HA, Hankins CA, Dickson K. Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(11):669-77.
53. Morris BJ, Hankins CA, Banerjee J, Lumbers ER, Mindel A, Klausner JD, et al. Does Male Circumcision Reduce Women's Risk of Sexually Transmitted Infections, Cervical Cancer, and Associated Conditions? Front Public Health. 2019;7:4.
54. Grund J, Bryant T, Jackson I, Curran K, Bock N, Toledo C, et al. Association between male circumcision and women's biomedical health outcomes: a systematic review. The Lancet Global Health. 2017;5:e1113-e22.
55. Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Sitta R, Puren A. Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med. 2005;2(11):e298.
56. Lawal TA, Olapade-Olaopa EO. Circumcision and its effects in Africa. Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6(2):149-57.
57. Douglawi A, Masterson TA. Penile cancer epidemiology and risk factors: a contemporary review. Curr Opin Urol. 2019;29(2):145-9.
58. Larke NL, Thomas SL, dos Santos Silva I, Weiss HA. Male circumcision and penile cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2011;22(8):1097-110.
59. Van Howe RS. Male circumcision and prostate cancer: A geographical analysis, meta-analysis, and cost analysis. Can Urol Assoc J. 2020;14(7):E334-E40.
60. Frisch M, Lindholm M, Gronbaek M. Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: a survey-based, cross-sectional study in Denmark. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(5):1367-81.
61. Bronselaer GA, Schober JM, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, T'Sjoen G, Vlietinck R, Hoebeke PB. Male circumcision decreases penile sensitivity as measured in a large cohort. BJU Int. 2013;111(5):820-7.
62. Bleustein CB, Eckholdt H, Arezzo JC, Melman A. Quantitative somatosensory testing of the penis: optimizing the clinical neurological examination. J Urol. 2003;169(6):2266-9.
63. Krieger JN, Mehta SD, Bailey RC, Agot K, Ndinya-Achola JO, Parker C, et al. Adult male circumcision: effects on sexual function and sexual satisfaction in Kisumu, Kenya. J Sex Med. 2008;5(11):2610-22.
64. Morris BJ, Krieger JN. Does male circumcision affect sexual function, sensitivity, or satisfaction?--a systematic review. J Sex Med. 2013;10(11):2644-57.
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2020-12-30
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Cataneo, H., Nunes, D. N., Guerreiro, M. G., Magalhães, H. Y., Tofano, R. F., Tristão, A. C., … Magnabosco, W. (2020). Circuncisão: da antiguidade ao século XXI – indicações, benefícios e controvérsias. Manuscripta Medica, 3, 40–52. Recuperado de https://manuscriptamedica.com.br/revista/index.php/mm/article/view/50
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Ciências da Saúde
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